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In the dynasty 18 king Ahmose reconquers Memphis and destroys Avaris, ending the Hyksos rule. Thutmosis I reconquers Nubia, which becomes a colony of Egypt. Hatshepsut, important female ruler, sponsors fine works of art and architecture (Temple of Deir el-Bahri). Beginning with Thutmosis III, Egypt becomes an empire controlling large parts of the Near East as well as Nubia. Time of a luxurious royal court with international tastes, especially under Amenhotep III.
Statue of Ahmose I
In the Amarna period Akhenaten and Nefertiti break with the traditional religion in favor of the sole worship of the Aten (light). During their reign distinctive art is created and literature reflects a version of the language nearer to that actually spoken.
Tutankhamun restores worship of traditional gods. He leaves no royal heir. Haremhab becomes the last king of the dynasty. He completes the return to traditional religion and art and possibly names as successor Ramesses I, first ruler of Dynasty 19.
In the dynasty 19 great era of temple building. Campaigns in the Near East against the Hittites; peace treaty made with Hittites in reign of Ramesses II.
Ramesses smiting the enemy
In the dynasty 20 Ramesses III repels the “sea peoples” (dislocated tribes ainly from Asia Minor). Political decline and economic ifficulties. Traditional time of the Israelites’ exodus from gypt.
Dynasty 21 to 23 (CA. 1070-712 B.C.)
Egypt again divided; one dynasty rules in Nile Delta, sharing power with high priests of Amun at Thebes.
Egypt gradually further divided. In Dynasty 22 rulers of Libyan descent coexist with other
The Nubia region
contemporary dynasties. Throughout Dynasties 21-24 Egypt’s international power wanes. Rule over Nubia collapses. Private tombs more modest; high artistic quality maintained most notably in decoration of coffins and in metal casting and inlay.
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